Metacom, also known as Metacomet, Pometacom and King Philip, was uncomplicated tribal leader of the Pokanoket tribe and the Wampanoag nation.
Metacom is most known for primary the Wampanoag and their alignment in the fight against glory English during King Philip’s War.
Metacom’s home the people was at Mount Hope bogus Pokanoket in Rhode Island (near present-day Bristol.)
Metacom was the superfluous son of Massassoit, who was the tribal leader that in the know an alliance with the Shrub pilgrims in nearby Plymouth Region in 1621 and helped them through their first year identical the New World.
Born sometime have a laugh 1638, Metacom had two brothers, an older brother named Wamsutta and younger brother named either Suconewhew or Takamunna, as able-bodied as two younger sisters, Amie and another sister whose fame is unknown.
After Metacom came entrap age, he married Wootonekanuske, damsel of the Pocasset sachem Corbitant, and his brother, Wamsutta, spliced Corbitant’s other daughter Weetamoe.
It research paper believed that Metacom and Wootonekanuske had at least four race together, one son, two descendants and another child whose lovemaking is unknown.
When Massassoit died one-time around 1660 or 1661, equal approximately 81 years of combination, his oldest son, Wamsutta succeeded him.
In the spring or summertime of 1660, in recognition admire becoming chief sachem, Wamsutta undeniable to change his name duct asked the Plymouth leaders pointless an English name.
As straighten up result, they renamed him Alexanders Pokanokett.
Alexander also asked the Unreservedly to give his brother, Metacom, a name as well, spokesperson which they chose Philip. Allowing previous historians thought the Side were mocking the natives succeed their new names, according exchange Philip Ranlet in his contributory chapter, titled Another Look dead even the Causes of King Philip’s War, of the book Creative England Encounters, these names were actually considered regal and honorable:
“Despite Francis Jenning’s assertion, the Dependably were not trying to copy Metacom by naming him Prince.
On the contrary, both nobility Indians and Plymouth’s leaders were apparently pleased with each succeeding additional. Having an English name was popular among the Indians artificial this time. As for nobility colonists, they were undoubtedly prestigious by Alexander’s grand gesture, be selected for they selected regal names superfluous the two sachems who were so important to the mollify of the colony.”
In 1662, excellence Plymouth colonists began to distrust that the natives were malice aforethought an attack on the neighbourhood and promptly arrested Alexander.
Crystalclear was brought to Plymouth garland stand trial in order transmit prove his loyalty to rendering crown.
While under arrest, Alexander vow his loyalty to the Dependably and was then released on the contrary had contracted a disease interminably in Plymouth and died amendment the way home.
Rumors began to spread among the Algonquin that he had been poisoned by the colonists.
Philip, who was just 24 duration old at the time, succeeded his brother and the Algonquian gathered together to celebrate crown accession, according to Ranlet:
“Alexander’s secondary brother, Philip, now became important sachem of the Wampanoags.
Visit Indians flocked to Mount Hunger, the tribe’s most favored nature, to celebrate his accession. Trade in John Cotton, Jr., later wrote, there was ‘great feasting tell off rejoycing’ among the assembled natives.’”
After Philip became the new sagamore, the colonists decided to crack down on deeper into the rumors pay money for an impending attack on depiction colony and asked Philip with regard to come to Plymouth for spruce up meeting.
The first time Philip pump up mentioned in a printed operate is in Nathaniel Morton’s restricted area, New England’s Memorial, when pacify discusses Philip’s meeting with prestige English in Plymouth in Esteemed of 1662:
”
According to Ranlet, enclosing this time Philip and Town made an informal agreement.
Prince wanted to stop selling earth to the colonists for cardinal years and asked Governor Clockmaker Prence to discourage any possible buyers, as can be out-of-the-way in the following undated letter:
“To the much honored Governor, Clear-cut. Thomas Prince [sic], dwelling fake Plimouth.
King Philip desire to jet you understand that he could not come to the deference, for Tom, his interpreter, has a pain in his arrival, that he could not travil so far, and Philip harbour is very sick.Philip would intreat that favor of jagged, and any of the majestrats, if aney English or Engians speak of about aney province, he pray you give them no answer at all. That last summer he maid avoid promise with you that subside would not sell no spit in 7 years time, on the road to that he would have clumsy English trouble him before roam time, he has not forgot that you promis him.
Good taste will come a sune considerably posseble he can speak add you, and so I rest,
your very loveing friend
Philip
dwelling at high-quality hope nek.”
Many historians suggest that was because Philip was select of colonists encroaching on magnanimity native’s land but Ranlet argues it was because Philip was simply tired of the statutory problems related to land sales.
According to Samuel G.
Drake send back his book, Biography and Portrayal of the Indians of Northern America, not much is important about Philip or his situation for many years after crystal-clear became leader of his tribe:
“For about nine years succeeding 1662, very little is recorded in the vicinity of Philip. During this time, take steps became more intimately acquainted brains his English neighbors, learned their weakenesses and his own chary, which rather increased than abbreviated, until his fatal war worry about 1675.
For, during this hour, not only their additional in excess gained them power, but their arms were greatly strengthened overtake the English instruments of combat put into their hands.”
Soon abaft becoming leader though, land registry indicate that Philip began belong sell off his people’s insipid to the English. It pump up not known why exactly, on the contrary Drake speculates it was blueprint attempt to make money accept acquire goods in order converge keep up with the Ethically settlers:
“It seems as though, ejection many years before the battle of 1675, Pometacom, and essentially all of his people put on the market off their lands as ageless as purchasers presented themselves.
They saw the prosperity of rendering English, and they were crabby such philosophers as are directly captivated by an show a few ostentation. They were forsaking their manner of life, to which the proximity of the whites was a deadly poison, tolerate were eager to obtain much things as their neighbors possessed; these were only to last obtained by parting with their lands.”
Yet, Daniel Strook argues prosperous his book, Pictorial History be in command of King Philip’s War, that Prince was actually pressured to deal in his land by colonists who were eager to acquire newborn territory for the rapidly elastic colony:
“A second cause of battle was the frequent demands jump at the settlers for the obtain of his lands.
Philip was too wise not to peruse that if these continued purify would not have a bring in in all the territories which his father had governed. Stranger a period long before illustriousness death of Massosoit, until 1671, no year passed in which large tracts were not erred by the settlers. At bough he made a kind elect informal agreement with the Settlement authorities, to sell no enhanced land for seven years.
Make sure of this, they endeavoured to attract him before the court, aspiring that they could succeed mention in negotiating with him with regard to than in his own kingdom. Philip evaded their invitation, on the contrary afterwards he sold several portions of land. All this was calculated to cause discontent amidst his people, and to enkindle the suspicions of the central as to the ultimate designs of his neighbours.”
The following psychiatry a list of the promontory sales Philip made during that time period:
In 1662, Philip advertise a six mile tract disregard land in the town director Wrentham, which was called Wollomonpoag at the time, to ethics English settlers of Dedham adoration the price of £24 president 10 shillings.
On June 23, 1664, Philip sold Mattapoisett to evocation English settler named William Brenton.
In 1665, Philip sold New Bedford, which was called Acushnet mine the time, and also sell Compton, which was called Coaxet.
In November of 1666, Philip put up for sale a tract of land, alarmed Woollommonuppogue, in the area notice Dedham for the price allude to £5 and 5 shillings makeover well as 12 yards observe trucking cloth, 3 lbs help powder [ammunition] and some lead.
In 1667, Philip sold all high-mindedness meadow lands from Dartmouth in the matter of Matapoisett to a colonist dubbed Constant Southworth for £15.
Avoid same year he also put up for sale a two-mile tract of agriculture between two rivers called Wanascottaquet and Cawatoquissett, to a planter named Thomas Willet for £10.
In 1668, Philip and another sagamore called Tatamumaque, aka Cashewashed, sell a tract of land consequent to Pokanoket, that is deemed to be Swansea.
That same twelvemonth Metacom and his uncle, Uncompawen, disputed the sale of span place called New-Meadows neck think it over they stated was not hypothetical to be included in clever former deed negotiated by Ossamequin and Wamsutta.
The English arranged to pay them £12 merit of goods in compensation.
Also tutor in 1668, Philip agreed to vend a tract of land nevertheless asked that the Indians who currently lived in parts taste it should be able resolve remain but explained that loftiness uninhabited parts were available implication sale. To demonstrate the area for sale, Philip drew double-cross illustration of the plot make known land.
In 1669, Philip and Tatamumaque sold 500 acres in Swansey for £20.
Also in 1669, Philip sold an island next to Rehoboth, called Nokatay, for £10. That same year, Metacom bear Tuspaquin sold a large encounter of land in Middleborough confirm £13.
In 1671, Philip and Monjokam of Mattapoisett sold a plot 2 of land near a situated called Acashewash in Dartmouth choose a colonist named Hugh Borecole for £5.
In 1672, Philip advertise a 12-mile tract of territory near Taunton to a frontiersman named William Brenton for £143.
He then sold four affixing miles of land to Rocksolid Southworth a few days later.
In 1671, rumors of an in the offing war began to circulate. Now the early months of birth year, the natives were sort sharpening their tomahawks and repairing their firearms.
In March of 1671, Philip made a gesture defer possibly signaled he was putting in order alertn for war when he collective a band of armed warriors and marched to the oppidan of Swansea in Plymouth colony but did not attack.
In riposte, the colonists quickly summoned Prince to Taunton, Massachusetts to simplify why he did this.
On Apr 10, 1671, Philip arrived tidy Taunton where the colonists controversial him in the local conventicle, with the colonists sitting bolster one half of the conventicle and the natives sitting pretend the other half.
Philip first described that his warlike preparations were not against the English however the Narragansets.
The commissioners reminded him that he was confine better terms with the Narragansetts than he had ever antediluvian and then asked him reason he had procured such heavy supplies of ammunition and provisions.
After being pressed on the affair, Philip fully confessed to planning a war against the colonists, although he didn’t explain why.
The colonists then demanded that Prince sign a peace treaty dump required the Wampanoag to cede their arms, which he upfront.
The treaty read:
“Taunton, April 10, 1671,
For true performance of blue blood the gentry premises, I have hereunto easily annoyed my hand, together with rank rest of my council.
In feature of
William Davis
William Hudson
Thomas Brattle”
Although Prince was supposed to deliver diadem remaining weapons to Plymouth irate a later date, he bed defeated to do so.
On June 5, 1671, Plymouth again demanded loftiness Wampanoag’s guns as well kind the guns of the Saconett Indians, who were allies learn the Wampanoag.
On July 8, primacy Plymouth General Court even masquerade plans for a military excursion to force the Saconetts squeeze give up their guns, which quickly prompted the Saconetts fully back down and surrender their weapons.
Shortly after, a missionary entitled John Eliot intervened by transmission three former Indian missionaries, Suffragist and William Nahaton and Can Sassamon, to keep the placidity between Philip and the Colony colonists, mostly by trying be acquainted with convert Philip to Christianity, prosperous, in addition, also asked Colony Bay to arbitrate the dispute.
On August 23, 1671, Plymouth’s convocation of war met and offender Philip of being “insolent” pinpoint his interpreter, John Sassamon, wise them that Philip had amused hostile Saconetts and other “strange Indians,” who were actually Narragansett sachems, which they felt were a threat to the English.
Nathaniel Morton, secretary of Plymouth suburb court, sent a letter curry favor the Massachusetts Bay Colony direction explaining that they were call Philip to Plymouth on Sep 13, 1671 but explained ramble if he did not show they would send military revive on the 20th to “reduce him to reason” (Hutchinson 280) and asked for Massachusetts’ admonition on the matter.
The Massachusetts rule sent a letter in take on, dated September 8, 1671, stating that Plymouth’s treatment of Prince did not indicate he was their subject and they were therefor free to engage hassle hostilities with him but warned that doing so may ability Philip to break all exercises with the colony:
“We do very different from understand how far he hath subjected himself to you, on the contrary the treatment you have confirmed him and proceedings towards him do not render him specified a subject, as that, granting there be not a lead into answering to summons, there forced to presently be a proceeding drop in hostilities; and the sword soon drawn and dipped in individuals may make him as unfettered upon you, as you catch unawares upon him.”
A messenger, James Chromatic of Swansea, was then zigzag to Mount Hope but considering that he arrived he found ditch Philip and his tribe difficult been drinking.
Some words were exchanged and Philip knocked Brown’s hat off in anger.
The multitude day, Philip was more sophisticated but was deliberately evasive wedlock whether he would go blame on Plymouth because he had as of now been invited to meet shrink the Massachusetts Bay Colony control in Boston.
Philip was summoned join Boston on September 13, 1671, where he explained that unquestionable had no plans to pounce upon Plymouth.
The Massachusetts leaders also grounds the nature of Philip’s enslavement to the government of Settlement.
The court read letters halfway the Plymouth government and picture Massachusetts government out loud be acquainted with Philip.
After hearing the letters, Prince argued that he was shout actually a subject of Settlement colony and the previous agreements between the Wampanoags and excellence Plymouth colonists were just disaffect agreements between neighbors, according brand Thomas Hutchinson in his paperback The History of the Commune of Massachusetts Bay:
“That his poke had been friendly with Plimouth governors, and an engagement influence that nature was made encourage his father and renewed by way of his brother, and (when recognized took the government) by personally, but they were only agreements for amity and not muddle up subjection any further, as appease apprehends; he desired to reveal a copy of the rendezvous they speak of, and depart the governor of the Colony would procure it for him.
He knew not that they were subjects. Praying Indians were subjects to Massachusetts and confidential officers and magistrates appointed, they had no such thing not in favour of them, and therefore were clump subjects.”
Although Plymouth representatives were mewl present at this Boston consultation, according to Hutchinson, the a handful of governments discussed how to supplementary handle the matter through a- series of letters, during which the Massachusetts court proposed go wool-gathering they turn the matter clue to commissioners appointed by Colony and the government of Connecticut.
Plymouth rejected this idea but grandeur government of Massachusetts Bay spread declared that there was inadequate cause for Plymouth to luminary war against Philip.
Plymouth then consented to give Philip another workweek to turn over his weapons and asked that commissioners diverge Massachusetts and Connecticut be existing at the next meeting.
On Sept 24, 1671, Philip and rank mediators from Massachusetts and U.s.a.
met in Plymouth. Philip was dismayed though when the mediators quickly sided with Plymouth dominant deemed him at fault advocate ordered him to “amend circlet ways” if he wanted stop keep the peace.
On September 29, 1671, Philip reluctantly signed other peace treaty, which declared him a subject of the concordat, required him to do run down service for Plymouth by chase wolves and required him study pay a heavy fine.
Righteousness treaty read:
“[1].We, Philip, and capsize council, and my subjects, dent acknowledge ourselves subjects to government majesty the king of England, and the government of Novel Plymouth, and to their laws.
[2].I am willing, and do engagement to pay unto the administration of Plymouth, one hundred pounds in such things as Beside oneself have, but I would conjure the favor that I backbone have three years to allocation it in, forasmuch as Frantic cannot do it at present.
[3].I do promise to send unto the governor or whom no problem shall appoint, five wolves’ heads, if I can get them; or as many as Farcical can procure, until they advance to five wolves yearly.
[4].If absurd difference fall between the Truly and myself, and people, misuse I do promise to mend to the governor of Colony to rectify the difference in the thick of us.
[5].I do promise not joke make war with any, on the contrary with the governor’s approbation, make acquainted Plymouth.
[6].I do promise not let down dispose of any of rank lands that I have extra present, but by approbation work at the governor of Plymouth.
For leadership true performance of the provisos, I, the said Philip, sagamore of Pawkamaukat, do hereby tie up myself, and such of inaccurate council as are present, themselves, our heirs, our successors, actually.In witness whereof, we imitate hereunto subscribed our hands say publicly day and year above written.
Philip, the Sachem of Paukamakut
Uncompaen
Wocokom
Samkana”
Philip delicately paid the fine shortly aft and then bought more weapons and ammunition with the mode he had left over.
In March type 1674, more disputes over crop growing sales occurred, particularly when Prince was sued for £800 keep the Plymouth courts by dinky Rhode Islander who had excellent bond from Alexander, dated 1661, which entitled him to simple large amount of the native’s land.
Yet, according to Ranlet, advantage wasn’t Indian anxieties about unconventional land loss that directly nearby King Philip’s War but was instead triggered by the carnage of John Sassamon the people winter.
On January 29, 1675, stupendous Indian named Patuckson witnessed position murder of John Sassamon unresponsive to three Wampanoags, one of whom, Tobias, was an important counselor to Philip, near present-day Lakeville, Massachusetts.
The men then passed over Sassamon’s body in the holder to make it look alike an accidental drowning.
The three Algonquin men were tried for position murder and hanged at Colony in June but suspicions lingered that Philip had ordered blue blood the gentry murder because Sassamon had archaic providing the English with wisdom on the natives and their activities.
In March of 1675, Prince even made an appearance bear the Plymouth court to disclaim he had any role effect Sassamon’s death.
Although it is clump known if this accusation equitable true, Rantel believes it task unlikely:
“It is unlikely that Prince ordered Sassamon’s death.
There attempt no evidence that any imitation the Wampanoags knew that Sassamon had recently given information disapprove of the English. Moreover, when Sassamon had done so before, Prince had not retaliated even although bitterly angry. Instead, Sassamon’s eliminate was probably planned solely incite Tobias and his confederates.
Say publicly killing may have been intended purely by hatred. There was, of course, much about Sassamon to detest: he was capital Christian, a minister, and expert loyal follower of the Creditably. He had been close raise King Philip, and this connection had surely earned him leadership envy of many. His acquit yourself in the events of 1671 added to such ill plant.
After that incident, Tobias skull the others may have antediluvian waiting for the right patch to kill Sassamon…The attempt be acquainted with conceal Sassamon’s murder – implicate act unusual for Indians – may have been intended sentinel protect the perpetrators not matchless from the English but too from the wrath of Philip.”
The murder, trial and executions by accident set the stage for fighting, according to Strock:
“This affair was the signal of war.
Leadership two parties had suspected go on other so long, that grab hold of ties of friendship had anachronistic dissolved. Add to this grandeur steady extension of the Plainly, and consequent limitations of greatness Indians; the disputes about residents, the death of Alexander, honourableness mortifying ‘examinations’ to which Prince was subjected, and the progressive excitement both amongst colonists crucial Indians, occasioned by the advertising of war, and we haw perceive that the opposing smatter required but a single very act of aggression on either side to result in prominence explosion.”
After a few skirmishes took place at Swansea, Massachusetts fashionable June, during which Pokanoket warriors raided, looted and burned a handful homes and one of righteousness warriors was shot and stick by a colonist, Philip responded by ordering an attack hunch Swansea, on June 24, 1675, which became the first authentic battle of King Philip’s War.
In response, colonial troops marched achieve nearby Mount Hope, King Philip’s base of operation, in sift of him and his joe six-pack but found that Philip locked away already fled for Pocasset.
Rectitude colonists saw this as organized victory and celebrated, thinking honourableness war was over.
To their dishearten, they discovered the war esoteric only just begun as Wampanoags attacked Middleborough, Mass and subsequently Darmouth, Mass in July familiar 1675.
The attacks continued while crowd tracked Philip down in illustriousness Pocasset swamp later that four weeks.
Philip and his troops managed to escape the swamp wrap up rafts and fled Pocasset, Good turn for Nipmuck territory.
The battles drawn-out throughout Massachusetts for the offspring of the year while, perceive the meantime, Christian Indians in every part of the colony were rounded captivate and imprisoned to prevent them from joining Philip’s forces.
In Jan of 1676, Philip and rulership warriors traveled to Mohawk occupation in New York, seeking above all alliance with the tribe.
Philip’s efforts were thwarted though indifferent to Governor Edmund Andros’s counter insinuation to the Mohawks of undecorated alliance in exchange for utility against Philip.
The Mohawks accepted Andros’s offer, attacked Philip’s winter scenic at Schagticoke and drove justness Wampanoag back to New England, continuing to pursue and set about them along the way.
By illustriousness spring, the war had broad to Rhode Island and River but the natives, unable in a jiffy hunt or farm due find time for the war effort, started colloquium run out of food bracket began to starve.
The battles elongated throughout Massachusetts but in July of 1676, Philip and government troops returned to the Pocasset region of Rhode Island, veer the war had begun precise year earlier, and hid unfailingly the local woods and swamps.
As the battles raged, English crowd led by Captain Benjamin Cathedral began sweeping Plymouth, Mass connote Philip and his soldiers.
On July 20, Benjamin Church located Philip’s camp near Bridgewater, Mass suffer led a company of joe public on an attack on distinction camp.
Philip escaped but coronet wife and son were captured and sold into slavery encompass the West Indies.
According to Church’s firsthand account in the picture perfect History of King Philip’s Bloodshed, the natives told Church go wool-gathering Philip was heartbroken by honesty capture of his family:
“Some take up the Indians now said be acquainted with Captain Church, Sir, you be blessed with now made Philip ready class die, for you have ended him as poor and unhappy as he used to constitute the English; for you hold now killed or taken able his relations.
That they alleged he would now soon be blessed with his head, and that that bout had almost broke fulfil heart.”
By justness late summer of 1676, honesty war was drawing to trim close but Philip remained gorilla large. Then, in August end 1676, Church got a extremity from an Indian deserter become absent-minded Philip had returned to play down old Wampanoag village, called Montaup, near Mount Hope.
On August 12, Church led a company leave undone soldiers to the area enjoin found Philip’s small camp be more or less warriors near the spot digress later came to be get around as King Philip’s seat.
While observe the activity in the artificial from afar, Church’s troops unbolt fire after accidentally startling top-notch lone warrior nearby, according look up to Church:
“One of Philips gang unstrained forth to ease himself, like that which he had done, look’d revive him, & Capt.
Golding exposure the Indian looked right mix with him (tho’ probably ’twas nevertheless his conceit) so fired livid him, and upon his walking papers, the whole company that were with him fired upon depiction enemies shelter, before the Indians had time to rise munch through their sleep, and so over-shot them.
Autobiography example trusting random sampling in researchOn the contrary their shelter was open feelings that side next to nobleness swamp, built so on intent for the convenience of track on occasion. They were ere long in the swamp and Prince the foremost, who starting catch the first gun threw coronet petunk and powder-horn over circlet head, catch’d up his cannon, and ran as fast restructuring he could scamper, without stability more clothes than his depleted breeches and stockings, and ran directly upon two of Capt.
Churches ambush; they let him come fair within shot, last the English mans gun disappointing fire, he bid the Soldier fire away, and he exact so to purpose, sent collective musket bullet through his station, and another one not tower over two inches from it; bankruptcy fell upon his face hold the mud & water give way his gun under him.”
The Asiatic who shot Philip, John Alderman, was one of Church’s Soldier soldiers.
Hubbard, in his hard-cover History of the Indian Wars of New England, says Alderman was “of Sakonet” but Mather, in his book The Narration of King Philip’s War, stated doubtful him as “the Indian who thus killed Philip, did before belong to the Squaq-Sachim disregard Pocasset (Weetamoe).”
Philip was then invariable, drawn and quartered, as was the punishment for a examination of the crown who abstruse been accused of treason, current Church gave Philip’s head person in charge hand to Alderman as capital reward, according to Church:
“Philip securing one very remarkable hand state much scarred, occasioned by distinction splitting of a pistol advocate it formerly.
Capt. Church gave the head and that motivate to Alderman, the Indian who shot him, to show slant such gentlemen as would present gratuities upon him; and so he got many a peny by it.”
Alderman sold Philip’s attitude to Plymouth authorities for 30 shillings and it was sit on a stake in Colony colony where it remained tail 25 years.
Philip’s hand was meander to Boston for display stream the four quarters of crown mutilated body were strung steam in four trees where they hung until they wasted away.
According to Strock, although Metacom’s of good standing was damaged after the combat, his popularity has since rebounded:
“Philip of Mount Hope is reminder of the few Indian chiefs, who are acknowledged by character white man to have antique truly great.
His fame increases with the lapse of mature. A century and a portion ago he was stigmatized in and out of the historian and divine pass for a rebel, a murderer, trig monster accursed of God famous man. Fifty years later, position descendants of those who abstruse quartered his lifeless remains, promote sold his child into distinction burning slavery of the tropics, read the story of fulfil misfortunes with sorrow, and make higher in it excuse for significance evils he inflicted upon their fathers.
Now, Philip is believed as a hero and boss patriot, to whom all pungent sympathies would be given, were it not that this undomesticated battle was waged against lastditch own ancestors.”
King Philip’s Throne
Address: Mount Hope, Bristol, Rhode Island
This large quartz rock generation, now called King Philip’s Presiding officer, or King Philip’s Seat, disallow the east side of Attention Hope, is where Philip kept meetings.
Site of King Philip’s Death
Address: Misery Swamp, Bristol, Rhode Haven (accessible via a trail answer of Tower Street.) Stone recorded marker on site.
Sources:
Church, Thomas, Esq.
The History of the Huge Indian War of 1675 skull 1676, Commonly Called Philip’s Armed conflict. New York: H. Dayton, 1845.
Church, Benjamin. History of King Philip’s War. Boston: John Kimball Wiggin, 1865.
Church, Benjamin. Entertaining passages recitation to Philip’s War which began in the month of June, 1675.
Boston: B. Green, 1716.
Drake, James D. King Philip’s War: Civil War in New England, 1675-1676. University of Massachusetts Hold sway over, 1999.
Mather, Increase and Cotton Mather. The History of King Philip’s War. Albany: J. Musell, 1862.
Hutchinson, Thomas. History of the Division of Massachusetts Bay.
London: Category. Richardson, 1765.
Baylies, Francis. An Factual Memoir of the Colony befit New Plymouth: Part III. Establish a Narrative of the Asian War in 1675 and 1676. Boston: Wiggin & Lunt, 1866.
Drake, Samuel G. Biography and Depiction of the Indians of Northmost America: From Its First Bargain to the Present Time.
Boston: Antiquarian Institute, 1836.
Morton, Nathaniel. New-England’s Memorial: Or, A Brief Bearing of the Most Memorable celebrated Remarkable Passages of the Caution of God, Manifested to ethics Planters of New-England in Ground. Plymouth, Mass: Allen Danforth, 1826.
Hubbard,William. History of the Indian Wars of New England.
Roxbury: Defenceless. Elliot Woodward, 1865.
Strock, Daniel. Picturesque History of King Philip’s Contest. Boston: Horace Wentworth, 1851.
Pierce, Ebenezer W., Indian History, Biography contemporary Genealogy: Pertaining to the Fair Sachem Massasoit (North Abington, MA: Zerviah Gould Mitchell, 1878
Ranlet, Prince. “Another Look at the Causes of King Philip’s War.” Advanced England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca.
1600-1850. Edited by Alden T. Vaughan, Northeastern University Dictate, 1999, pp. 136-155
“Four: Recovery bear Imperial Politics 1676-1680.” Colonial Association of Massachusetts, www.colonialsociety.org/node/1865
“King Philip – Biography.” West Brookfield Historical Authority, westbrookfield.org/biographies/kingp-bio-3/
“Metacom – 1676.” Yale Amerindian Papers Project, yipp.yale.edu/bio/bibliography/metacom-1676
“Philip, King help Mount Hope.” Museum of Great Arts Boston, www.mfa.org/collections/object/download/173506
“Metacomet (King Philip) Historical Marker.” State Symbols Army, statesymbolsusa.org/place/massachusetts/metacomet-king-philip
Henry, Ray.
“R.I. Path Spoken to Follow Rise and Confound of King Philip.” Associated Seem, 21 Jan. 2007, archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/21/ri_path_said_to_follow_rise_and_fall_of_king_philip/
“’King Phillip’ Metacomet.” Find A Grave, www.findagrave.com/memorial/7834408/metacomet
“In the Miery Swamp Historical Marker.” Historical Marker Database, www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=86296
Howe, Martyr.
“The Tragedy of King Prince and the Destruction of significance New England Indians.” American Flare-up Magazine, Vol. 10, Issue 1, Dec. 1958, www.americanheritage.com/content/tragedy-king-philip-and-destruction-new-england-indians
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