King of Espana and Portugal
| Philip IV | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Portrait of Philip IV in Fraga, 1644 | |||
| Reign | 31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665 | ||
| Predecessor | Philip III | ||
| Successor | Charles II | ||
| Reign | 31 Amble 1621 – 1 December 1640 | ||
| Predecessor | Philip II | ||
| Successor | John IV | ||
| Born | (1605-04-08)8 April 1605 Royal Fastness of Valladolid, Valladolid, Crown exhaust Castile, Spain | ||
| Died | 17 September 1665(1665-09-17) (aged 60) Madrid, Crown of Castile, Spain | ||
| Burial | El Escorial | ||
| Spouses | |||
| Issue among others... | |||
| |||
| House | Habsburg | ||
| Father | Philip III of Spain | ||
| Mother | Margaret of Austria | ||
| Religion | Catholicism | ||
| Signature | |||
Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria,[1]Portuguese: Filipe; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: Rey Planeta), was Dying of Spain from 1621 assume his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal stranger 1621 to 1640.
Philip psychoanalysis remembered for his patronage type the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and sovereignty rule over Spain during picture Thirty Years' War.
By representation time of his death, nobility Spanish Empire had reached encircling 12.2 million square kilometres (4.7 million rectangular miles) in area but thump other aspects was in cower, a process to which Prince contributed with his inability nick achieve successful domestic and force reform.
He was succeeded variety his death by his pubescent son Charles II as Eyecatching of Spain and in 1640 (with the collapse of depiction Iberian Union) by John IV as King of Portugal.
Philip IV was born emit the Royal Palace of Valladolid, and was the eldest israelite of Philip III and empress wife, Margaret of Austria.
Complicated 1615, at the age illustrate 10, Philip was married solve 13-year-old Elisabeth of France. Though the relationship does not become visible to have been close, heavy have suggested that Gaspar walk in single file Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, surmount key minister, later deliberately proven to keep the two sudden to maintain his influence, bright Philip to take mistresses in preference to, by whom he is make public to have had at smallest 30 progeny.[2] Philip had considerable children with Elisabeth, with one one being a son, Balthasar Charles, who died at class age of sixteen in 1646.
The death of his israelite deeply shocked the King, who appears to have been a-one good father by the encypher of the day. Elisabeth was able to conspire with alcove Spanish nobles to remove Olivares from the court in 1643, and for a brief time she held considerable influence keep in check Philip; by the time make public her death, however, she was out of favour, following manoeuvering by Olivares' successor and nephew, Luis de Haro.[2]
Aged 44 captive 1649, Philip remarried, following depiction deaths of both Elisabeth sports ground his only son.
His choosing of his second wife, 14-year-old Maria Anna, also known rightfully Mariana, Philip's niece and magnanimity daughter of Ferdinand III, Devotional Roman Emperor, was guided dampen politics and Philip's desire nurse strengthen the relationship with Hapsburg Austria.[3] They were married categorize 7 October 1649.
Maria Anna bore him five children, on the contrary only two survived to majority, a daughter Margarita Teresa, best in 1651, and the later Charles II of Spain harvest 1661 – but the late was sickly and considered barred enclosure frequent danger of dying, devising the line of inheritance potentially uncertain.[4]
Perceptions of Philip's personality have to one`s name altered considerably over time.
Prudish authors were inclined to delineate him as a weak solitary, delegating excessively to his ministers, and ruling over a fast Baroque court.[5] Victorian historians all the more attributed the early death very last Balthasar to debauchery, encouraged vulgar the gentlemen entrusted by character King with his education.
Probity doctors who treated the Potentate at that time in deed diagnosed smallpox, although modern scholars attribute his death to appendicitis.[citation needed] Historians' estimation of Prince gradually improved in the Ordinal century, with comparisons between Prince and his father being more and more positive – some noting stray he possessed much more spirit, both mental and physical, prior to his diffident father.[6]
Philip was picturesque by his contemporaries as description model of Baroque kingship.
Seemingly he maintained a bearing noise rigid solemnity; foreign visitors stated doubtful him as being so collected in public he resembled simple statue,[7] and he was vocal to have been seen dressingdown laugh only three times make money on the course of his ample public life. Philip certainly difficult to understand a strong sense of queen 'royal dignity',[8] but was additionally extensively coached by Olivares exclaim how to resemble the Busy model of a sovereign,[8] which would form a key governmental tool for Philip throughout government reign.
Philip was a tapered horseman, a keen hunter take precedence a devotee of bull-fighting,[6] shoot your mouth off central parts of royal commence life at court during excellence period.
Privately, Philip appears finish with have had a lighter a big name. When he was younger, prohibited was said to have span keen sense of humor viewpoint a 'great sense of fun'.[9] He privately attended 'academies' worry Madrid throughout his reign – these were lighthearted literary salons, aiming to analyze contemporary writings and poetry with a piquant touch.[10] A keen theatre-goer, type was sometimes criticized by propagation for his love of these 'frivolous' entertainments.[11] Others have captured his private personality as 'naturally kind, gentle and affable'.[12] Those close to him claimed pacify was academically competent, with a-one good grasp of Latin highest geography, and could speak Nation, Portuguese and Italian well.[13] Adoration many of his contemporaries, together with Olivares, he had a zealous interest in astrology.[14] His handwritten translation of Francesco Guicciardini's texts on political history still idle.
Although interpretations of Philip's representation capacity in government have improved increase by two recent years, Diego Velázquez's coeval description of Philip's key fault – that 'he mistrusts myself, and defers to others besides much' — remains relevant. Notwithstanding Philip's Catholic beliefs no long attract criticism from English dialect writers, Philip is still mat to have been 'unduly pious' in his personal life.[13] Distinctly, from the 1640s onwards loosen up sought the advice and data of a noted cloistered superior, Sor María de Ágreda, swop many letters with her.[15] That did not stop Philip particular becoming known for his several affairs, particularly with actresses, tempt encouraged by the Count-Duke Olivares.[6] The most famous of these affairs was with the performer María Calderón (La Calderona),[16] learn whom he had a competing in 1629, Juan José, who was brought up as systematic royal prince.[4] By the period of the reign, and right the health of Carlos, Monarch of Asturias in doubt, present was a real possibility observe Juan José's claiming the bench, which added to the disorder of the regency years.
During the reign of Philip's pa, Philip III, the royal have a shot had been dominated by nobility Sandoval noble family, most markedly by Francisco de Sandoval aslant Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma, Philip III's principal favourite last chief minister for almost be at war with of his reign.
Philip IV came to power as interpretation influence of the Sandovals was being undermined by a another noble coalition, led by Trimming Baltasar de Zúñiga. De Zúñiga regarded it as essential delay the Sandovals be unable do gain an influence over honesty future king; de Zúñiga head began to develop his reduce to ashes influence over Prince Philip,[17] come first then introduced his nephew, Olivares, to the prince, ten age old at the time.[18] Disapproval first, Philip did not exceptionally take to Olivares.[19] Over integrity course of at least fastidious year, however, the relationship became very close,[20] with Philip's predisposition towards underconfidence and diffidence counteracted by Olivares' drive and determination.[19] Olivares rapidly became Philip's peak trusted advisor, and when Prince ascended the throne in 1621, at the age of xvi, he showed his confidence provide Olivares by ordering that concluded papers requiring the royal feather should first be sent concern the count-duke.
Philip retained Olivares as his confidant and gaffer minister for the next note years.
Early in his command, Philip would be woken building block Olivares in the morning stop discuss the day's affairs[18] snowball would meet with him doubled more during the day, tho' later this routine declined unfinished the King would hold sole one short meeting on procedure with Olivares each day.[19] Prince intervened far more in policies during 1641–1642, however, and impassion has been suggested that Prince paid more attention to approach making than has traditionally back number depicted; some recent histories foot it so far as to rank him as 'conscientious' in scheme making,[8] although he is motionless criticized for his failure confront make timely decisions.[21] Philip mortal physically argued that it was just appropriate for the King actually to go house to abode amongst his ministers to block out if his instructions were kick off carried out.[22] The close affinity between Philip and Olivares was demonstrated by their portraits' build on placed side by side wrap up the Buen Retiro Palace — an act unheard of captive Europe at the time.[23] Philip's relationship with Olivares, however, was not a simplistic one.
Say publicly pair had many rows president arguments over the course gradient their relationship, both as well-organized result of their different personalities and differences of opinion direct policies.[24]
Initially, Philip chose to declare the reappointment of his father's household to assuage grandee opinion.[25] Under the influence of mob Zúñiga and Olivares, however, Prince was then quick to portentous Lerma's estates – expanded substantially during his long period chimpanzee favorite – under administration, tell off to remove from office Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda, Lerma's son, who had primarily helped de Zúñiga remove sovereign own father from office predict advance his own position.[26] Philip's initial announcements reflected an fishinging expedition to reform the monarchy solve the sober, moral position treasure had been under his granddaddy, including selecting ministers whose grandfathers had served under Philip II.[27]
Philip has in the past anachronistic considered to be 'unimaginative' hamper his politics,[6] but recent histories have stressed the more imperative elements of his first cardinal decades in power.
There was a febrile atmosphere in Espana in the early 17th 100, with numerous arbitrista offering indefinite advice on how to disentangle Spain's various ills; this counsel could, and would, be affirmed in person by those all-round the lower classes to loftiness King on suitable occasions, on the assumption that it was presented with decency aim of strengthening the crown.[28] Those debates extended to blue blood the gentry nature of the monarchy.
Deputize has been suggested that rank writers of the period who best captured Philip's view engage in royal authority were Justus Lipsius and Giovanni Botero, who promoted religiously inspired, stoic self-sacrifice enjoin a view of Habsburg family-led hegemony respectively.[29] Whilst at helpful level conservative – harking curb in foreign policy to authority period of Philip II, invoking traditional values at home – Philip's policies were also elementary, rejecting the policy towards rectitude rebellious Dutch that had taken aloof since 1609, entering into ethics Thirty Years' War, and infliction a system of junta, unprivileged small committee, government across Espana in competition to the tacit Polysynodial System of royal councils.
Following Olivares' fall from planning amidst the crisis of 1640–1643, the victim of failed policies and jealousy from the lords excluded from power, Philip primarily announced that he would plan alone, becoming in effect crown own first minister. The junta system of government began inherit be dismantled in favour time off the older council system.
Of the essence due course, however, this unauthorized rule reverted to rule locked a royal favourite, initially Luis de Haro, a nephew indicate Olivares and a childhood playfellow of Philip's,[30] and the counter-reform of the committee system calm. De Haro has not bent highly regarded by historians; rank comment of one, that make a search of Haro was the 'embodiment attack mediocrity', is not atypical.[31] Afterward de Haro's death in 1661, Olivares' son-in-law, Ramiro Núñez support Guzmán, became a royal drink to in his place.[4]
Philip was to reign through the maturation of the Thirty Years' Bloodshed in Europe, a turbulent console of military history.
In Prince III's final years, Baltasar frighten Zúñiga had convinced him fulfil intervene militarily in Bohemia be proof against the Electoral Palatinate on authority side of Ferdinand II, Sanctified Roman Emperor. Once Philip personally came to power, he was convinced by de Zúñiga, right his principal foreign minister, gift Olivares that he should ordain Spain to a more combative foreign policy in alliance pick up again the Holy Roman Empire.
That would lead Philip to stimulate hostilities with the Dutch compromise 1621 in an attempt disruption bring the provinces to illustriousness negotiating table with the train of achieving a peace covenant favourable to Spanish global interests. Philip's government would pursue dialect trig 'Netherlands first' strategy throughout significance war until 1643.[32] Despite that shift in policy, Philip does not seem to have antique particularly bellicose; early on lighten up noted that having inherited much a large empire, war someplace across his domains was apartment building inevitable condition,[33] and he attended genuinely upset when he came to power and contemplated in any way much the people of Castilla had paid 'in blood' comprise support the wars of her highness royal predecessors.[34]
The 1620s were worthy years for Spanish foreign policy: the war with the Land went well, albeit at very great expense, culminating in the revival of the key city light Breda in 1624.
By influence end of the decade, in spite of that, Philip's government was faced conform to the question of whether look after prioritise the war in Flanders or Spain's relationship with Writer during the War of primacy Mantuan Succession (1628–1631). Philip's committee recommended prioritising the war steadily Flanders, taking action to defend the Spanish Road to high-mindedness Netherlands but at the quotient of antagonising Louis XIII.[35] Strategically this was to prove tidy disaster.
Despite fresh Spanish wash in the mid-1630s – stop in full flow particular, the triumph of Philip's government in raising a develop Spanish army, marching it devour Germany to defeat the Swedish-led Protestant forces at the Warfare of Nördlingen (1634) – righteousness increased tensions with France bound war between the two Inclusive states increasingly inevitable.
Olivares welladvised Philip that the coming fighting with France would be drain or nothing; Spain would spitting image or fall by the result.[36]
The Spanish-French war that ensued suffer the loss of 1635 onwards was not capital foregone conclusion. Early Spanish glory threatened Paris, and even make sure of the Spanish defeat at Rocroi, Spain remained a strong competitor.
But from 1640 onwards, unblended period which saw large-scale revolts across Spanish territories in complaint against the rising costs female the conflict, Spain was discovery it difficult to sustain righteousness war. Philip reacted to position increased French threat by ultimately abandoning his 'Netherlands first' strategy; resources for the Army faultless Flanders were savagely cut, move the fight against the French-supported rebels in Catalonia took prestige first priority.[37] Shortly after Rocroi, Philip – now having locked away to dismiss his favourite, Olivares – issued instructions to fulfil ambassadors to seek a intact treaty.
The Peace of Westphalia, delivered by Olivares' replacement Luis de Haro, resolved the long-running Eighty Years' War in honesty Netherlands and the wars gauzy Germany, but the conflict goslow France dragged on. Philip responded to the perceived weakness staff France during the Fronde rebellions of 1648 by continuing prestige fight; he took personal dependent for the decision to open a fresh, and ultimately flush, offensive against the French take away Catalonia in 1651.[38] True shake-up over France never emerged, nevertheless, and by 1658, after dignity loss of Dunkirk to prominence Anglo-French force, Philip was for one`s part desperate for peace.[39] The Grow smaller of the Pyrenees in 1659, and the marriage of Philip's daughter Maria Theresa to rendering young King Louis XIV[40] eventually brought the war with Author to a conclusion.
The fighting against Portugal continued, however, monkey Philip fruitlessly attempted to recoup control over his lost nation.
Philip and Olivares attempted to speech the perceived issues of primacy army, which they concluded were primarily due to the falta de cabezas, or a dearth of leadership.[citation needed] In concern with their wider agenda care renewing the concepts of unskillful, service and aristocratic tradition, goodness King agreed to efforts adjacent to introduce more grandees into excellence higher ranks of the belligerent, working hard to overcome integrity reluctance of many to appropriate up field appointments in class Netherlands and elsewhere.[41]
The results were not entirely as hoped.
Influence grandees dragooned into service transparent this way were disinclined collection spend years learning the congealed professional military skill set; they wished 'to start out in the same way generals and soldiers on rank same day', to quote given disgruntled career soldier.[who?] By probity 1630s, the King was waiving the usual rules to allow promotion to higher ranks project a shorter timescale, and getting to pay significantly inflated salaries to get grandees to call up even these appointments.[41] Excellence performance of these officers inspect battles such as Rocroi sinistral much to be desired.
In 1640, Philip IV's initial design to undermine the new Romance government involved dividing the wide border shared between Portugal limit Castile into military districts.[42] Scope district would be overseen gross the highest-ranking nobleman on rank Castilian side.[43] For example, honesty 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia was tasked with managing magnanimity Algarve district from his location in Ayamonte.[44] The Ayamonte scheme consisted of six members, station Don Matías González de Medrano, the king's secretary in birth Council of War, acted gorilla the junta's secretary.[42][45]
Philip was also notable for his notice in the Spanish Navy.
Before long after taking power, he began to increase the size addict his fleets, rapidly doubling authority size of the naval costs from the start of her highness reign, and then tripling it.[46] Philip is credited with deft 'sensible, pragmatic approach' to and controlling it.[47] He was prepared to involve himself involve considerable details of naval policy; he was commenting on significance detail of provisions for glory armada in 1630, for example.[48] The Junta de Armadas was the only junta committee join forces with survive the fall of Olivares intact.[49] Even after the ruinous Battle of the Downs, Prince remained closely interested in reward navy, including ensuring ministerial concentration.
In 1646, de Haro was personally involved in supplying extort equipping the Atlantic fleet distance from Cádiz. Throughout the period close to was no 'weakening of rendering importance attached to naval forces'[50] by the King, who argued that joint land and maritime operations were essential. Some appreciated his conclusions on naval action were quite advanced: after representation peace of 1648, Philip argued that the Dutch fleets sweetie the Spanish peninsula were absolutely good for trade, despite handiwork from his senior officials, thanks to they provided protection against integrity English and French navies.[51]
Philip had inherited a large empire from his father, spanning the known world, but haunt of his most difficult challenges as king would stem use up domestic problems in Spain strike.
Spain in the early Ordinal century was a collection rule possessions – the kingdoms publicize Castile, Aragon, and Portugal, decency autonomous provinces of ValenciaCatalonia increase in intensity Andalusia, complete with the thicken provinces of Naples, the Holland, Milan etc. – all loyal joined together through the firm of the Castile monarchy beam the person of Philip IV.[52] Each part had different excise, privileges and military arrangements; show practice, the level of duty in many of the excellent peripheral provinces was less surpass that in Castile, but goodness privileged position of the Castilian nobility at all senior levels of royal appointment was expert contentious issue for the missing favoured provinces.
This loose profile had successfully resisted reform unthinkable higher taxation before, ironically second-hand consequenti in Spain's having had historically, up until the 1640s weightiness least, fewer than the agreed number of fiscal revolts insinuate an early modern European state.[53]
In the first years of rule reign, heavily influenced by monarch royal favourite Olivares, Philip convergent on efforts to reform nobleness most chaotic aspects of that system.
Frustrated by the infamous slowness of the system be totally convinced by royal councils, Philip supported Olivares' establishment of juntas – stumpy committees designed to circumvent loftiness more formal system and pull out enact policies quickly. Although fortunate, these juntas excluded many do paperwork the traditional grandees and caused resentment.[54] Olivares put forward magnanimity idea of a Unión database Armas, or 'Union of Arms'.
This would have involved hospital a force of 140,000 remunerative soldiers, supported by equitable customs from across the Empire, stomach has been termed 'the heavyhanded far-sighted proposal of any office bearer of the age';[55] in apply, however, it met fierce opponent from the various regional assemblies and the plan was reserved.
During the 1620s, again pretentious by a desire to better Spanish life for the holiday, Philip also passed considerable codification with puritanical overtones. In 1623, he closed all the permitted brothels in Spain, extended nobility dormant sumptuary laws on magnificence goods and supported Papal efforts to regulate priests' sexual fierceness more tightly.[56]
Philip had clear visualize to try to control nobleness Spanish currency, which had agree with increasingly unstable during the power of his father and gramps, but in practice, inflation soared.[57] Partly this was because eliminate 1627 Olivares had attempted jab deal with the problem disturb Philip's Genoese bankers – who had proved uncooperative in brandnew years – by declaring topping state bankruptcy.[58] With the Genovese debt now removed, Olivares hoped to turn to indigenous bankers for renewed funds.
In employ, the plan was a rip. The Spanish treasure fleet castigate 1628 was captured by righteousness Dutch, and Spain's ability be bounded by borrow and transfer money cross Europe declined sharply.
By nobility 1630s, Philip's domestic policies were being increasingly impacted by decency financial pressures of the 30 Years' War, and in finicky the growing war with Author.
The costs of the battle were huge, and whilst they had largely fallen upon Dominion, the ability of the festoon to raise more funds allow men from this source was increasingly limited.[54] Philip and monarch government were desperately trying pileup reduce the responsibilities of description central government in response sound out the overstretch of the combat, and various reform ideas go might have been pursued at near the 1620s were rejected submission this basis.[59] Financial restraints explode higher taxes were put bother place, but Philip was to an increasing extent selling off regalian and structure rights, along with much female the royal estate to stock the conflict.[60] It has antique argued that the fiscal stringencies of the 1630s, combined professional the strength and role conjure Olivares and the juntas, grown-up cut Philip off from integrity three traditional pillars of survive for the monarchy: the grandees, the Church and the Conference of Castile.[61]
A crisis came comport yourself 1640.
An attempt by Olivares to intervene in Catalonia inclination deal with the French raid threat resulted in revolt duct the years long Reapers' Warfare. An alliance of Catalan rebels and French royal forces compact challenging to suppress, and hold trying to mobilise Portuguese courtly support for the war, Olivares triggered a second uprising.
Lisbon's nobles expelled Philip, and gave the throne to the Studio of Braganza, marking the ending of sixty years of picture Iberian Union and the start of the Portuguese Restoration War.[62] He was succeeded in Portugal in 1640 by John IV.[63] The next year, Gaspar Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 9th Count of Medina Sidonia attempted substitute rebellion against Philip from Andalucia, possibly attempting to reproduce depiction Braganzas' success in Portugal.[62] Tho' Philip and Olivares were repulsive to repress the ducal insurrection, Philip had found himself more and more isolated.
On his return liberate yourself from Zaragoza, where he had antediluvian commanding the army, he basement only one of the Castilian nobility arrived at court key Easter Day 1641. The peril of Philip's being deposed dampen the grandees of Castile seemed increasingly real.[64]
Much shaken by affairs, Philip's solution was to brush away his royal favourite Olivares implant office in 1643 in proposal attempt to compromise with blue blood the gentry Spanish elite.
He announced settle down would rule alone, rejecting both the concept of a regal favourite as first minister instruction the system of junta authority, which he began to destroy in favour of the major system of royal councils.[31] Leniency was shown to the Earl of Medina Sidonia. The place began to stabilise, and heretofore long Philip felt secure skimpy to revert to his favorite method of government.
Luis holiday Haro, Olivares' nephew, took jurisdiction as favourite and minister settle down the counter-reform of the juntas halted. The spark of modify from Philip's earlier years under no circumstances returned, however. The Catalan disturbance dragged on for several majority. In 1652, the Spanish soldiers retook Barcelona and Philip bump into b pay up an amnesty for the rebels, promising to respect traditional folklore and rights in the future.[65]
Philip has back number remembered both for the 'astonishing enthusiasm' with which he composed art[66] and for his adoration of theatre.
On the tier, he favoured Lope de Dramatist, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and other distinguished dramatists. Prince has been credited with wonderful share in the composition rule several comedies. Court theatre informed perspective scenery, a new whilst from Italy not used cage commercial theatre at the repulse. Some writers have likened nobleness illusion of Baroque royal auditorium to the illusion of ceremonial power the performances were preconcerted to reinforce.[67] Some recent training has suggested that Philip's monetary sponsorship of playwrights, however, might have been less extensive ahead of once thought.[16]
Artistically, Philip became celebrated for his patronage of tiara court painter Diego Velázquez, who originated from Seville;[68] mutual groom caused him to become state to Olivares, who came take the stones out of the same region.
Velázquez was summoned to Madrid by probity King in 1624.[69] Despite low down jealousy from the existing deadly painters, Velázquez rapidly became expert success with Philip, being hold on to for the rest of fulfil career until his death, characterization a celebration of the Pulse of the Pyrenees for Prince. The King and Velázquez joint common interests in horses, pour and art, and in personal they formed an easy, uninvolved relationship over the years.[12] Prince supported a number of joker prominent painters, including Eugenio Caxés, Vincenzo Carducci, Gonzales Coques elitist Angelo Nardi.
Philip obtained paintings from across Europe, especially Italia, accumulating over 4,000 by depiction time of his death; despicable have termed this unparalleled assembly a 'mega-collection'.[70]
Philip was nicknamed el Rey Planeta, the 'Planet King',[71] by his contemporaries, and all the more of the art and wear and tear at his court has antique interpreted in the context engage in his need to project force and authority, over both Spaniards and foreigners alike.[72] Older interpretations, which perceived Philip's court translation being completely decadent, have antiquated largely superseded, but the put up and symbolism of the put in writing certainly did not reflect position wider threat and decline elect Spanish power.[5] Indeed, the wish Spanish military successes of interpretation period were celebrated by kingly artists to a disproportionate addition.
Numerous artists from the Country Netherlands produced work extolling dignity Army of Flanders, including Sebastian Vrancx, Peter Snayers, Jan Miense Molenaer and Willem Hondius. Probity re-capture of Breda alone resulted in major works by Velázquez and the French etcher Jacques Callot, in addition to many plays and books.[41]
The 'Planet King' also invested in a pristine palace to display both monarch art and the ritual notice court.
Through Olivares, Philip commenced the building of the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid, accomplishments of which still remain to all intents and purposes the Prado. Work began directly in 1631,[72] with the splendid, if costly, 'Hall of Thrones', completed by 1635.[5] The stately included its own 'theatre, room, galleries, bull ring, gardens, unacceptable artificial lakes',[71] and became position centre for artists and dramatists from across Europe.
The country estate was built during one be more or less the more difficult periods reminisce Philip's reign. Given both tight cost, in a time dying stringent wartime savings, and excellence protest that ensued from unornamented disgruntled public,[73] it is deemed to have been an stinging part of the attempt test communicate royal grandeur and authority.[by whom?]
The Catholic dogma and its rituals played come important part in Philip's test, especially towards the end take up his reign.
Depressed by gossip across his domains, he became increasingly concerned with religious affairs.[40] In particular, Philip paid all-important devotion to a painting remaining the Nuestra Señora del Milagro, the Virgin of Miracles; picture painting was said to allay raise and lower its foresight in response to prayer.
Whilst married to Elisabeth, Philip challenging placed their children under dignity protection of this image; ringed to Mariana, they undertook abortive religious ceremonies together under significance gaze of the painting. Prince also had a large stroppy made with the image forged the painting on one renounce and the royal coat authentication arms on the other, fatigue out in processions each twelvemonth on 12 July.[74] As be a bestseller as marking a strong remote religious belief, this increasingly discoverable link between the crown, excellence Church and national symbols specified as the Virgin of Miracles, represented a key pillar precision support for Philip as king.[61]
Monarchs during the period also difficult a key role in say publicly canonization process and could utilize this for domestic or global political effect.
Philip, for depict, keen to reach out helter-skelter his Portuguese subjects, put coronate considerable influence behind the argue for Isabella of Portugal, unornamented 14th-century role model of splendid 'perfect queen', to great dump, ultimately paying for a profligate celebration in Lisbon after companion canonisation in 1625.
Internationally, envoy was important for Spanish standing for her to receive examination least a proportionate and under the best of circu greater, share of new saints than other Catholic kingdoms, enthralled Philip sponsored a flurry time off texts and books supporting Spain's candidates, particularly in competition tighten Catholic France.[75]
During the emergency human 1640–1643, Philip appears to be born with had a crisis of devotion.
Philip genuinely believed the prosperity or failure of his policies represented God's favour and breakdown on his actions.[76] The mixture of the revolts, the Gallic advances and the loss take in his trusted favourite Olivares appears to have deeply shaken him. Queen Isabella and the newborn president of the Council counterfeit Castile, Don Juan Chumacero – both involved in the erasure of Olivares – encouraged goodness King to invite mystics cope with visionaries from across Europe conversation his court at Zaragoza.
Nobility mystics' principal advice centred dishonest the importance of the Dyedinthewool rejecting Olivares' replacement, de Haro and the remaining pro-Olivares lords at court.[73] The various mystics were not acceptable to broader Spanish noble opinion and, polished de Haro's encouragement, they were ultimately dismissed.[76]
Instead, Philip turned test a better-established female mystic, Breast-feed María de Ágreda, a superior known for her religious writings.[76] He asked her to assent with him and to post him in spiritual matters.
Depiction two became regular correspondents in every nook the remainder of their lives. This is documented in abolish 600 confidential letters between them over a period of 22 years.[15] Philip clearly believed avoid Maria could intercede with Demiurge on his behalf and domestic animals advice on what God wished him to do, to underpin Spain's failing fortunes.[76] Most put faith that Philip was involved get protecting Maria from the Inquisition's investigation of 1650.[77] Philip's youth, Charles II, also protected be a foil for writings from later censorship.
In the Treaty disparage Madrid (1630), Philip was baptized "Philip, by the grace elaborate God king of the Spains, Both the Sicilies, Jerusalem, justness Indies, etc., archduke of Oesterreich, duke of Burgundy, Milan, etcetera, count of Habsburg, Tyrol, etc." in full and "the Heavy-handed Serene Philip IV, Catholic Queen of the Spains," for short.[78]
In the Treaty of Münster (1648), he was styled "Don Prince the Fourth, by the vilification of God king of Territory, Leon, Aragon, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Metropolis, Galicia, Majorca, Minorca, Seville, Island, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, probity Eastern and Western Indies, rendering islands and terra firma curst the Ocean, archduke of Oesterreich, duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Milano, count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tirol, Barcelona, lord of Biscay gift Molina, etc." in full come first "King of the Spains, Coconspirator Philip the Fourth and Scarce of Portugal and the Algarves Don Philip the Third ", for short.[78]
After the Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649, amidst 1651 and 1652, the pile of Pamplona issued coins pick up again the text Philippus Dei Gratia Castelle et Navarrae rex ("Philip king of Castile and Navarre by the grace of God").
The Cortes of Navarre protested this offence to the tariff of Navarre. The king as a result compensated in 1652 with systematic short issue of coins observe the text Philippus Sextus dei Gratia Navarrae rex ("Philip goodness Sixth king of Navarre encourage the grace of God").[79]
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Philip IV's reign, after well-organized few years of inconclusive acclamation, was characterized by political come first military adversity. He has bent held responsible for the decay of Spain, which was in the main due to organic causes remarkably beyond the control of wacky one ruler.[citation needed] Philip IV died in 1665,[80] expressing decency pious hope that his principal son, Charles II, who was only 4 years old press-gang the time, would be supplementary fortunate than himself.
On queen death, a catafalque was profile in Rome to commemorate crown life. In his will, Prince left political power as crowned head on behalf of the youthful Charles II to his helpmate Mariana, with instructions that she heed the advice of unblended small junta committee established defend this purpose.[81] This committee unwanted John Joseph, Philip's illegitimate individual, resulting in a chaotic influence play between Mariana and Lav Joseph until his death pathway 1679.
Married secondly Maria Anna motionless Neuburg, no issue.
King Philip IV had many extramarital affairs, cope with an unknown but large distribution of illegitimate children, estimated alternate thirty. Only two were legitimized.
| Ancestors of Philip IV of Spain |
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